Visual Symbolism In Picassos Guernica By Pablo Picasso

In 1937, Pablo Picasso depicts an epic event in history in his Guernica using visual symbolism, line, space, light and color which advocates to the observer the truth behind the subject matter of the artwork itself. The line used leads to specific images to tell the story; the space throughout the work is filled with many jagged and sharp shapes with an odd use of positive and negative space. The light and color illuminate the actual scene. Knowing and understanding how the artist uses these three fundamental tools will guide us to the meaning and logic of the artwork. Pablo Picassos use of line gives a sense of direction almost as key to unlock the meaning of the artwork. In our culture we read from left to write. The artist knows this†¦show more content†¦Finally we see the horse leading us back to the bull where between both heads we see the spirit flying away alerting us that soul and spirit is being ripped away, that death is coming no matter if it is in a bull fight or a battle, everything that lives will die. Picassos use of space in this masterpiece leads to similar conclusions to pain, suffering and the eventual death of an ancient city or any living thing. This piece is extremely vivid and the use of space used is probably breaking all the rules of art, but if we think about what we are actually seeing we are not really looking at just art, we are looking at inhumane events in the world and it almost holds an obligation to exploit the boundaries of art to get the desired effect which the artist has done intentionally. Most art works contains non busy and busy areas which are proportional to one another but in life we know that the main focus in the real world is all the chaos and that there is no balance just that tunnel vision effect of the awe stricken horror. Even in the use of light and color Picasso conveys the inevitability of death how we ourselves cause all the suffering and pain in the world, has painted all the living objects white. This brightens the scene bringing to light those who are actually suffering and dying, Thus, leaving all the insignificant objects in theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Critical Analysis - Picassos Guernica1561 Words   |  7 PagesCritical Analysis of Guernica - By Bryce Craig Spanish artist Pablo Picasso can often be collectively seen as the greatest and most influential artist of the twentieth century. In a historical sense he encompassed all that is to be a practicing modernist artist and prevailed as one of the most significant artists overall in human history. Picasso’s most well renowned painting presents to his audience a graphic reflection of the horrors and brutality of war; Guernica (1937) depicts the SpanishRead MorePicasso : The Anti War Symbol872 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction It is not about the history, but the context and symbolism behind the breathtaking canvas of Guernica. This masterpiece and iconic painting was Picasso’s most known but least understood work of art. Because the theme of this multifarious artwork is mainly focused around death, Guernica has many cleverly hidden messages and meanings through the surface imagery. Picasso was aware that sideways or inverted imagery could impact an influential subconscious effect on its viewers (Novacaster)Read MoreDifferences Between Modernism And Modernism1174 Words   |  5 Pagesartists really started to discover innovative ways to create art. There were many artists in each genre of painting, composing, and poetry who had strong influences during the modernists period. The one artist who stuck out the most to me was Pablo Picasso. Pablo Picasso is one of the most well known artists of the modernism period. The modernism period was an era where there â€Å"was a relentless quest for radical freedom of expression† (The Annotated Mona Lisa, 128). The artists during the Modernists periodRead MorePablo Picasso in Life and Art: A Biography1925 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Pablo Picasso in life and art Biography: Pablo Picasso Pablo Picasso is widely considered the most famous and influential artist of the 20th century. What is so unique about Picasso is his scope: he is not associated with a single artistic movement (along the lines of Jackson Pollacks association with Abstract Expressionism or Salvador Dalis association with Surrealism); rather, his career spanned a wide range of styles and aesthetic philosophies. Picassos style was very realistic at theRead MorePablo Picassos Gruernica Essay examples914 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1937, Pablo Picasso depicts an epic event in history in his Guernica using visual symbolism, line, space, light and color which advocates to the observer the truth behind the subject matter of the artwork itself. The line used leads to specific images to tell the story; the space throughout the work is filled with many jagged and sharp shapes with an odd use of positive and negative space. The light and color illuminate the actual scene. Knowing and understanding how the arti st uses theseRead MoreChapter 33 – Early 20th Century5648 Words   |  23 PagesChapter 33 – Early 20th Century Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ 1. Throughout history, artists have regularly served political ends by using their art to make visual statements. Which of the following artists has created an overtly political statement with his/her work? |a. |Dorothea Lange | |b. |John SloanRead MoreIwc1 Literature, Arts and Humanities Essay10028 Words   |  41 Pagesarts (visual art, music, literature, theatre, cinema, dance, and architecture) and philosophy. Humanities Traditional stories of a people or culture that serve to explain some of the natural Phenomenon, the origin of humanity, or customs or religious rights. Myths the emblematic mythic characters, images, plot patterns, symbols, and buried assumptions shared across cultures. Archetypes Use of a symbol object , or image to represent something else (i.e. a concept or idea). Symbolism A figure

What You Dont Know About Essay Topics on Climate Change Could Be Costing to More Than You Think

What You Don't Know About Essay Topics on Climate Change Could Be Costing to More Than You Think You have to make sure you get your points right. The change that has happened in the recent past is also known as outcome of global warming. It is simple to say such things. With the assistance of our governments, there's hope. Want to Know More About Essay Topics on Climate Change? If your aim is developing an excellent climate change essay for your college or university, it is an excellent place to master the abilities and tricks required to present a strong analysis to the general public. No matter your reasons are, it's great if you're passionate about the matter of climate change as it will be simpler to conduct research and persuade the reader to adopt your viewpoint. Knowing what sort of paper you have to write will shape the format, content, and clearly, the kind of sources you will have to support your claims. You ought to be acquainted with the concepts behind climate change if you're planning on writing a paper on it. The students that are engaged in too many works and would like to seek the services of a proper writer, then students assignment help is the very best choice for them. Your teacher may also request that you craft an informative international climate change essay where you need to just inform the reader about the present problem without expressing your own personal opinion. For instance, you might find there are 3 sub-topics under the very first major topic that you want to discuss, and that means you will create sub-headings for them. So, you should choose a topic that you may write a lot about. Quite frequently, the ideal topic is one which you truly care about, but you also will need to get ready to research it. Picking an excellent topic is an ambitious undertaking. Also, do not forget that you're able to pay for essay, just order original and superior quality papers from MyEssayWriting on a huge variety of topics. Before you write your descriptive essay, you should lay the basis of the full work. Furthermore, many students discover that it's tough to distinguish the kind of paper they are writing. If you're a working student or only have zero time for the research work we'll let you create a robust and winning essay. Furthermore, it lays out the intention behind the essay. When you start writing your essay you'll have all info you have to make accurate direct quotations. All the written essays are extremely easy and easy to be able to help students. Unlike in different essays, writing narrative essays permit the writer to use a very first person point of view as it is based on personal experiences. Climate change, in actuality, has come to be a cause of concern particularly over the past few decades. It will play a major role in animal health. It has the potential to drastically impact the future of the human race, and is intrinsically linked to the water supply across the world. It is one of the most important global issues facing the world today. The capacity for human suffering would be huge, and it's possible that we'd observe outbreaks of disease and famine, along with increased homelessness and poverty. A massive industrial revolution in today's time has largely impacted the inte rnational climate system by boosting the total amount of greenhouse gases in the earth's atmosphere. For instance, it can be scientific research on the causes and potential consequences of the worldwide warming. The clearest is climate warming. Future tropical cyclones will grow more intense. Finally, climate change is creating a rise in desertification. It is also known as global warming. Climatic changes have become more prominent now on account of the global warming that's a worldwide concern. There are numerous elements to take into account on several fronts, but with plants, here are a number of key aspects that affect their life cycles. There are a lot of factors that result in a change in the climate. Both are hot issues of the present time and it's the opportunity to analyse causes and prevention methods to stop the international warming. A good example is the greater sea levels because of the melting ice caps caused by global warming. Folks should cut power consumption in order to decrease the effects of global warming. Some folks feel that instead of preventing climate change, we have to obtain a means to live with this. If the planet's temperatures continue to rise later on, living things on earth would become extinct as a result of high temperatures. Also people with heart problems are going to be at high risk with the growing temperature and diseases due to the increase of stress on their entire body.

Designing Operational Technology with Security

Question: Discuss about the Designing Operational Technology with Security. Answer: Introduction: The virtue should be given on keeping the higher focus in accordance with the security issues in IT sector environment. There is hundreds of hacker available who keep the eye on the confidential information to hack by making use of number of hacking tools (Lujan, 2011). It is necessity to think wider for securing the data and information from hacking and being misused by unauthorized persons. If the new virus arises in the environment and the internet generate the signal of contamination then necessary action should be taken in a direction of overcoming the virus attack. This can be done by the application of specific patch; specific port should be added to the firewall, and the addition of unique signature to the IDS devices. The violation of the information can be overcome by following three fundamental rules which are categorised as confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the data (Resnik, 2015). The higher focus should be given on developing the tactics correspondent to the arrival of viruses in daily working environment information technology. When we focus on security concern of information technology sector then we will be able to overcome the two common problems which are discussed below: It is hard to be aware unique security measures correspondent to every vulnerability which comes into existence. When we think about the vulnerabilities security issues we are only be able to overcome of the issues but not make ourselves proactively ready for the occurrence of vulnerability in any manner. In the present time of technological changes it has been observed that security is the peak step to be taken. The IT security focuses on protecting the nature and sensitivity associated with securing the data and information. From the survey and the research it has been seen that zoning is the key process which can be used for making security decision. This process involves defining of the subjects and objects which requires security. Each area should be highly focused separately to determine the risk and vulnerabilities attached with the component and the required a action can be taken. In the environment of technological changing environment, the requirement arises to pick the appropriate data from the pool of information, timely access, and analysis of independent open source intelligence are the necessary security awareness situation to fight against the emerging threats of security. The question which comes forward is that how we can make ourselves proactively ready for the occurrence of the vulnerability (Bresler, 2010). What action we can take against the arrival of the uncertain vulnerabilities. From the research of these questions we come across various practises and tools which help us to compete with the arising vulnerability. Thinking in zones, security in layering, creation of chokepoints, fundamentals of relational security, fundamentals of secret less security, practice of dividing responsibility, and lastly the failing of security are some of the best practices which can be applied to remain proactive and overcome the situation of occurrence of the vulnerability. It has been observed that the business operations and risk manager treated IT security as an art because they think that data should have to be collected to take the corrective action in taking the right judgement on the occurrence of the risk. The meaning of the term science to the expert is quantitative measure of the risk and capability of decision making (Miller, 2012). The IT security is the fundamental phenomenon which deals with management of risk associated with the project. From the survey and the research it has been concluded that 58% of the high professional treated IT security as a form of Science, 48% of the high professional treated IT security as a form of both Science and art and 57% of the high professional (Buhalis, 2012) treated IT security as a form of Art. The diversification has been seen in the opinion in relation with this question that IT security is an art or science. The result of the survey is analysed by dividing the opinion of the professionals in five different modules which are categorised as security management based on risk maturity and governance plans, metrics used for measuring the value of security of risk, development of key metrics for the evaluation of risk based security, controls provided on risk based security, and Communication, collaboration and development of culture in association with risk based security. In the survey it has been observed that the term art is means to the high professional is analysis of the ris k and capability of decision making in overcoming the risk. It has been observed that the business operations and risk manager treated IT security as an art because they think that data should have to be collected to take the corrective action in taking the right judgement on the occurrence of the risk. The meaning of the term science to the expert is quantitative measure of the risk and capability of decision making (Miller, 2012). The IT security is the fundamental phenomenon which deals with management of risk associated with the project. The measures used for IT security helps in reduction of risk, reduction in cost, and others. The human behaviour plays a major role in the management of IT security because every individual have different alternative to tackle the situation of risk occurred within the project. The good IT security is the degree of tackling with the situation. The concern with establishing IT security within the organization focuses on correct judgement on the al ternatives proposed, no impact of change in human behaviour, evaluation of the decision, and security of the data associated with the project. Risks are the major part of the project to handle for the success of the project. The IT security focuses on protecting the nature and sensitivity associated with securing the data and information. The potential harm to the data and information may result in the failure of the project in the near future. The myths and rumours have been seen that security of data and other credential of IT sector is the technology. In preparing the company to mitigate the risk the development of policy is quite necessary because the process of managing the risk is accompanied with number of choices and trade-offs. The process of mitigating the risk involves the participation of people because people play a major role and component of risk management equation (Robert, 2010). The major components which come forward in managing the risk are the human behaviour to control. From the above discussion it can be observed that IT security is an art of managing itself against the risk associated with the project. Fear and security of information are the interrelated terms which are treated together (Hadson, 2008). The positive effect of fear factors helps the manager to look forth to overcome the security issues raised in the initial stage of the project completion. The fear factors associated with the security of information are unauthorized accessing of the information, disclosure and disruption of the information, modification of the information, and others. The specialist of IT security focuses on making their project secure from the malicious attacks and others. It has been observed that the area of information security is growing at the faster rate. Regulation and certification are provided to the IT security. From the survey and research it has been concluded that the IT security issues are given importance in relation with increment seen in securing the data and information, professionals are hired for securing the information of technology from uncertain and unknown risk occurred inside the organization which may play the role of hindrance in the success of the project. It is a key to step to overcome the risk in the initial stage of the project so that the project is completed successfully. There are several factors responsible for the implementation of tactics used for the securing the information and data in relation with IT sector which are described below: Vital role to test the features of the product The product should meet the requirement of the organization which are clearly mentioned in the scope of work Personnel attrition should be focused The importance should be given on the changing nature of the human behaviour The problem of rework arises due to the poor implementation of inefficient security program. The cost may be raised There may be the lack of integration of the new product with the existing environment Failure of the product when it does not matches with the requirement, delivery on time, quality standards Logical conclusion should be drawn to overcome the proposed fear and risk associated with the project (Brown, 2013). The violation of the information can be overcome by following three fundamental rules which are categorised as confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the data. Conclusion: The factors which are commonly associated with the security of information are the attack of viruses, worms, phishing, and Trojan. Identity theft is the other major concern of IT security. It is a key to step to overcome the risk in the initial stage of the project so that the project is completed successfully. Fear and security of information are the interrelated terms which are treated together. In the present time of technological changes it has been observed that security is the peak step to be taken Brown, 2013). The decision to overcome the fear associated with the information security should be taken by using the knowledge and experience. The fear factor can be combatted by making use of security mind. References: Lujan, G. (2011).A psychological perspective on vulnerability in the fear of cyber crime(1st ed.). Retrieved from https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/21534/1/A_psychological_perspective_on_vulnerability_in_the_fear_of_crime_(LSERO_version).pdf Resnik, D. (2015).States need to plan with security in mind on every IT project.(1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.statetechmagazine.com/article/2016/03/states-need-plan-security-mind-every-it-project Bresler, L. (2010). Designing operational Technology with security in mind(1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.cyberark.com/designing-operational-technology-security-mind/ Buhalis, A. (2012). A computer security is not a science(1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.cis.upenn.edu/~stevez/papers/GGKS03.pdf Miller, N. (2012).The art and science of security research(1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.defcon.org/images/defcon-19/dc-19-presentations/Conti/DEFCON-19-Conti-Security-Research.pdf Robert, P. (2010).Information security Art or science?(1st ed.). Retrieved from https://prezi.com/byr_dqsuidef/information-security-art-or-science/ Hadson, I. (2008).Fear factor perception of safety in south africa(1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=trct=jq=it%20security%20fear%20factor%20research%20paper%20pdfsource=webcd=1cad=rjauact=8ved=0ahUKEwjf7o_ypNXQAhXBN48KHTNoBlMQFggaMAAurl=https://www.hsrcpress.ac.za/downloadpdf.php Martin, T. (2014).Computing security issues and research challenges(1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.ijcsits.org/papers/Vol1no22011/13vol1no2.pdf Brown, G. (2013).A overview and study of security issues and challenges(1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.ijarcsse.com/docs/papers/9_September2012/Volume_2_issue_9/V2I900174.pdf

The Big Bang(personal Account) (Tragedy) Essay Example For Students

The Big Bang(personal Account) (Tragedy) Essay The Big BangMy lesson about playing with fire was a hard one learned. That one summer day so long ago was one of the longest days in my life. The morning was a normal one. The afternoon was when things started to heat up. That night was one I thoughtwould never end.That morning was one just like any other summer day. The sun was bright and warm. We also had family in fromColorado. My Aunt and Uncle were there with my two cousins. They were planning on staying with us the entire summer. Myparents had just installed a 4 1/2 foot above ground swimming pool for all of us to enjoy that summer. We will write a custom essay on The Big Bang(personal Account) (Tragedy) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now That afternoon every body was up and busy doing their own things. My brother and I were out in the neighborhood playing with our friends. When we came home for lunch my dad asked us to unload his truck and put everything in the shed. My parents, aunt and uncle were leaving to go out for the evening. They were leaving us in the care of my cousinswho are several years older than us. After we had lunch and my parents had left, my brother and I started to unload the truck. I grabbed the first load and headed for the shed. I was in the shed putting things away for about ten minutes. My brother was still not back there with another load. I went around the front of the house looking for him when I saw a flash. As I reached the driveway I saw my brother just as he was throwing another match on the driveway. When the matchhit the concrete a flare of fire leaped up about five foot and was gone just as fast as it appeared. I immediately forgot about unloading the truck and joined my brother. He explained to me how it worked. He handed me a five-pound can of gunpowderand told me to pour a small pile out on the driveway. After I did and back away he tore out another match from the pack,struck it and threw it on the pile of powder. Again the flash leaped from the driveway. We continued this way, with mepouring and him throwing the match, until we were down to the second to last match. We had to figure out a way to continue before we were out of matches. We had i t. We noticed that when the powder had burned off the match wouldstill be laying there burning. My brother suggested that we simply pour some on the match. Without thinking it throughanother second, I tilted the can and began to pour the powder. Everything that happened after that was a blur. I rememberrunning backward as fast as I could, still holding onto the can. I threw the can away from me just as it exploded. A blinding flash filled my head as a crushing boom emptied the air from my lungs. I fell to the ground and remember hearing, as clear as a bell, the metal ends of the canister bouncing off the driveway. When I got off the ground a split second later I was ina panic. I ran faster than I will probably ever again. I didnt know where I was headed but I had to get there fast. I endedup running into the house, down the hall to the bathroom. As I came into the bathroom I slipped on the rug and slid underneaththe sink. I looked down at myself for the first time and watched as sev eral blisters appeared on my legs. After my neighbor and brother managed to calm me down they started to put medicine and creams all over me. My parents showed up when they said they would and were completely stunned. My mother had a huge aloe vera plant thatthey broke apart and spread all over my legs. At the time of the explosion I was wearing a pair of shorts, a football type jersey,and a pair of tennis shoes. I suffered from first degree burns on my face and arms. I wasnt as lucky when it came to my legs. The blast had caused second and third degree burns that were mostly on my thighs. That night was a long and painful one for methat I wont soon forget. I did somehow manage to get some sleep. .uaab33c3343b55fd400fe53de4651bce5 , .uaab33c3343b55fd400fe53de4651bce5 .postImageUrl , .uaab33c3343b55fd400fe53de4651bce5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uaab33c3343b55fd400fe53de4651bce5 , .uaab33c3343b55fd400fe53de4651bce5:hover , .uaab33c3343b55fd400fe53de4651bce5:visited , .uaab33c3343b55fd400fe53de4651bce5:active { border:0!important; } .uaab33c3343b55fd400fe53de4651bce5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uaab33c3343b55fd400fe53de4651bce5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uaab33c3343b55fd400fe53de4651bce5:active , .uaab33c3343b55fd400fe53de4651bce5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uaab33c3343b55fd400fe53de4651bce5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uaab33c3343b55fd400fe53de4651bce5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uaab33c3343b55fd400fe53de4651bce5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uaab33c3343b55fd400fe53de4651bce5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uaab33c3343b55fd400fe53de4651bce5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uaab33c3343b55fd400fe53de4651bce5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uaab33c3343b55fd400fe53de4651bce5 .uaab33c3343b55fd400fe53de4651bce5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uaab33c3343b55fd400fe53de4651bce5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Common drugs used in the Emergency Room EssayI missed everything that happened that summer. I was unable to walk or leave the couch for nine days. Because I was so sensitive to any type of heat I was unable to go out in the sun. I had to watch from the patio dooras friends from the neighborhood came over and swam in our new pool. I eventually healed and was back to normal but beforethat happened the summer had ended. I had missed out on the entire summer. I brought a few lessons away from the whole experience. It kind of depends on how you look at it. The first and most obvious lesson is dont play with fire. The second lesson to be learned is, ifyou do decide to play with fire, dont pour gunpowder on a lit match. Category: Miscellaneous

Articles Of Confederation essays

Articles Of Confederation essays The Articles of Confederation, from 1781 to 1789, provided our virgin country with an efficient form government, transferring power from a monarchy to a democratic republic. The Articles were a segway, a necessary step to drawing our modern constitution. It gave our country its first taste of moderate federal control and regulation. The Articles offered its people liberty and extended basic and natural human rights, it provided equality and allowed the people to express their opinions in the form of directly elected representatives like an effective government should. However, The Articles of Confederation failed to secure our country. It left our nation utterly defenseless and divided without the existence of a standing national army and grievances among states. The national government could not spark our economy, which had fallen into recession because of the hindrances of these Articles. The Congress of the United States under the Articles of Confederation was not given the power or the authority to tax. Shackled by war debts the government was forced to beg for concessions from each individual state. However, this was merely done on a voluntary basis. The government owed a substantial amount of money, some back-pay to members of her continental army. In a letter from Delegate Joseph Jones he writes George Washington, the discontent of the army...that justice is not intended...in complying with the requests [for bonus and back pay]. He continues that there is an inability of Congress to pay their demands unless furnished with the means by the several states. The federalists had financial impotence. The writers of these Articles failed to recognize the needs of the national government, blinded by their quest for unbridled individual liberty. In late 1782, the Congress proposed a tax, or impost, on imported goods. However, haunted by the demon they created, the states rejected that idea. As stated by the...

Cluster Analysis

Cluster Analysis Cluster analysis is a statistical technique used to identify how various units like people, groups, or societies can be grouped together because of characteristics they have in common. Also known as clustering, it is an exploratory data analysis tool that aims to sort different objects into groups in such a way that when they belong to the same group they have a maximal degree of association and when they do not belong to the same group their degree of association is minimal. Unlike some other statistical techniques, the structures that are uncovered through cluster analysis need no explanation or interpretation – it discovers structure in the data without explaining why they exist. What Is Clustering? Clustering exists in almost every aspect of our daily lives. Take, for example, items in a grocery store. Different types of items are always displayed in the same or nearby locations – meat, vegetables, soda, cereal, paper products, etc. Researchers often want to do the same with data and group objects or subjects into clusters that make sense. To take an example from social science, let’s say we are looking at countries and want to group them into clusters based on characteristics such as division of labor, militaries, technology, or educated population. We would find that Britain, Japan, France, Germany, and the United States have similar characteristics and would be clustered together. Uganda,  Nicaragua, and Pakistan would be also be grouped together in a different cluster because they share a different set of characteristics, including low levels of wealth, simpler divisions of labor, relatively unstable and undemocratic political institutions, and low technological development. Cluster analysis is typically used in the exploratory phase of research when the researcher does not have any pre-conceived hypotheses. It is commonly not the only statistical method used, but rather is done in the early stages of a project to help guide the rest of the analysis. For this reason, significance testing is usually neither relevant nor appropriate. There are several different types of cluster analysis. The two most commonly used are K-means clustering and hierarchical clustering. K-means Clustering K-means clustering treats the observations in the data as objects having locations and distances from each other (note that the distances used in clustering often do not represent spatial distances). It partitions the objects into K mutually exclusive clusters so that objects within each cluster are as close to each other as possible and at the same time, as far from objects in other clusters as possible. Each cluster is then characterized by its mean or center point. Hierarchical Clustering Hierarchical clustering is a way to investigate groupings in the data simultaneously over a variety of scales and distances. It does this by creating a cluster tree with various levels. Unlike K-means clustering, the tree is not a single set of clusters. Rather, the tree is a multi-level hierarchy where clusters at one level are joined as clusters at the next higher level. The algorithm that is used starts with each case or variable in a separate cluster and then combines clusters until only one is left. This allows the researcher to decide what level of clustering is most appropriate for his or her research. Performing A Cluster Analysis Most statistics software programs can perform cluster analysis. In SPSS, select analyze from the menu, then classify and cluster analysis. In SAS, the proc cluster function can be used. Updated by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.

Football speech Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Football speech - Coursework Example This will enable them to comprehend how the professional sport is actually played, as well as apprise them of the global nuances, changes and aspirations that are shaping up with the passage of time. I am sure that the England team can rise way above my expectations if the young ones of today are given a chance to showcase their true talents as the country is filled with immense talent, skills and abilities. Why not tap the same? I ask you, why? Let’s go ahead with it and achieve success at full throttle. This is indeed possible, my dear ladies and gentlemen! The professional coaching in schools will allow us to succeed as and when we wish to have it within our ranks. I am certain that this professional football education would pave the way for talented stars to come up in the near future. The forming up of training academies would be a better initiative that the English football authorities can undertake because this will resolve quite a few issues. There is a dire need to se t things right and that too within the shortest time frame possible, so that success can be attained quickly. The youth training academies should be such that these inculcate pure value more than anything else. There is this shortfall of professional players coming on the English horizon and this can only be met with adequate levels of coaching and professionalism, and I am sure if steps are taken in the right direction, positive results will arrive sooner rather than later. I am sure that the academies must be given the resources that are required by them. If these academies are given the resources, they will come up with solid and long-lasting results. These results would win immense happiness for all of us, who want to see the sport of football thrive and our crowds roar whenever our team is playing well. My dear ladies and gentlemen, I may add here again that the professional coaching domains could only be harnessed upon if the right mix of coaches are employed, so that they can make sure that the players who are the most talented amongst the lot get selected and represent the different clubs so that they can make it to the top echelon, i.e. the England football team. Many stars within the England team represent pure talent and variety in the sheerest form and I am sure if given a proper chance to the up and coming players, there is no reason why they cannot be hailed as the very best, in fact even the greatest, in the times to come. Only thing lacking is an understanding that commitment and professionalism are inter-linked, and both of these tangents need to be touched upon deeply so as to extract maximum value. The football starting line-up within the clubs must have at least three English youth players so that their essence has a long-lasting value on building up the other players who are there within the clubs. These players will feel that they are playing on the big stage and are thus a part of something big (Sutherland, 1996, 45). They will even be g rateful if the English youth players take the time out to represent them, so that success for the sake of these clubs is manifested at the end of the day. This is such an important proposition that one can only wish for this to happen. And happen for the right reasons too, without any doubt let me tell you. I believe that the English youth players would bring with them the much required experience and

Electronic Cigarette Sustainable Business in Japan- External Analysis Assignment

Electronic Cigarette Sustainable Business in Japan- External Analysis - Assignment Example PESTEL analysis is the best tool for making market analysis for external factors that might affect the operation of a business. External factors affecting Magpie Pty Limited include environmental factors, political, social cultural, technological, legal and economic factors. Consequently, in order to capture or maintain maintain a market, strategic measures to curb changes in these factors must be enforced by a company (Berg, 2009). The political environment of any nation is crucial in operating a business. Some of the political factors likely to affect the operations include, government stability, corruption levels, tax policy which includes rates and incentives, freedom of the press and government involvement in trade unions. It is important to have good relations with the political class in foreign markets. This is because of the value of political lobbying in business. This is not different in Japan as several laws have been enacted to deal with electronic smoking in the country. The Japanese health sector enacted some laws in 2003 inhibiting smoking of electronic cigarettes in public. The implementation of the laws about smoking electronic cigarettes in Japan operates on a two tier system. The first tier allows partial permission for smoking electronic cigarettes on the condition that they are nicotine free. The government has not yet given out a medical license to electronic cigarettes that contain nicotine. Magpie Pty Limited must adhere to the regulations set including analyzing the transport industry, local authorities and property owners. The transport industry includes airports if the cigarettes are meant for export and further distribution. Some airports however do not allow use of electronic c igarettes. The political environment in Japan is partially seen to be supporting sale of electronic cigarettes. This can be evident by the fact that electronic cigarettes are not exposed to the same tax laws as compared

The Humanistic and Cognitive Behavioral Applications of Psychology Essay Example for Free

The Humanistic and Cognitive Behavioral Applications of Psychology Essay Psychology as a scientific discipline can be divided into four major historical forces. The first historical force being psychoanalysis, the second force behaviorism, the third force humanistic, and the fourth force multicultural. Each historical force represents the zeitgeist or prevailing school of thought for its historical time, and each school of thought brought about the development of different theoretical applications and ideological approaches. This paper will focus on theorists and theoretical applications of the second and third historical forces. Behaviorism is the school of thought founded by John B. Watson and is the second historical force in psychology. The basis of behavioral psychology suggests that all behaviors are learned and therefore can be unlearned and changed. Watson, like most other behaviorists were of the mindset that only observable, or overt behaviors, should be studied because concepts such as emotion and cognition were too subjective (Cherry, K. 2011). Cognitive applications of behavioral psychology known as Cognitive Behavioral psychology or Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) differs from the orientation of Behaviorism in that it focuses on the mental processes, perceptions, and interpretations of the mind, as well as how information is retrieved. Cognitive Theorists believe emotions are triggered by thoughts and beliefs. It is in this mindset that Cognitive Behavioral psychotherapy was developed as a type of â€Å"talk therapy† which is clinically proven to be more effective than medication for treating insomnia, depression and several other psychological issues. One of the most notable Cognitive Behavioral theorists of modern day psychology is Dr, Albert Ellis. I focus on Albert Ellis and his theoretical applications because of their similarities to the foundations of Buddhist psychology. Albert Ellis founded Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT). Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy can be viewed as a philosophy of living, as well as a form of psychotherapy. Dr. Ellis also believed that unhappiness could be alleviated by learning to identify 4 types of irrational thinking and  cultivating â€Å"Universal Self-Acceptance† ( USA ) which overlaps Buddhisms â€Å"three marks of existence† ( annicca, anatta, dukha ) (Tsering, 2006). Dr. Ellis believed that â€Å"self-esteem† was an irrational and harmful concept for reasons similarly found in Buddhism. Many psychologists believe that self-esteem issues help or exacerbate most mental health issues. Dr. Ellis advocated replacing the concept of â€Å"self-esteem† with â€Å"Universal Self-Acceptance† (USA) (M.G.T. Kwee, 2006) Rational-emotive behavior therapy, or REBT, can perhaps be summarized by understanding the A-B-C model for psychotherapy. (Ellis, 1994) REBT says that the most commo n mistake people make is in assuming that adversity (A) is responsible, or causes, emotional consequences (C). For example, one might believe that doing poorly on a project at work (the adversity, or A) is what causes them severe anxiety and stress (the consequence, or C). The REBT therapist, however, argues that it is not the adversity (A) which causes the anxiety and stress (C), but rather it is the individuals perceptiontheir unrealistic and over generalized beliefs (B) about the adversity that causes the anxiety and stress. It was not that a person did poorly on the project, but rather her belief that she must do well on everything she does. This unrealistic belief that she must do well all the time led her to tell herself how awful it was that she did not do well. Thus, it was her perception that she did not do what must be done, and that it is awful that she did not do what must be done, that resulted in her feelings of stress and anxiety. While most people believe that A=C, the REBT therapist shows them that, in reality, A x B = C. If the therapist can adjust the clients thinking by ma king her realize that she doesnt always have to do well, or that its not really that awful that she didnt do as well as she would have liked, then her feelings of anxiety and stress may be lessened. (Ellis,1994) As a cognitive-behavioral mode of treatment REBT postulates that emotional and psychological disorders are largely the result of thinking irrationally, dysfunctionally, negatively, absolutely, or illogically. Furthermore, REBT theorizes that rational and irrational thoughts are incompatible. (Tsering, 2006) Humans are able to get rid of most of their emotional and mental unhappiness, inefficacy, or disturbance if they learn to maximize rational and minimize irrational ideation REBT holds that sustained negative feelings, such as intense depression, anxiety, anger, and guilt, are almost  always unnecessary to human living. (Ellis, 1994) After researching different aspects of Buddhist psychology it is my opinion that Dr. Ellis’ (REBT ) transcends multi-cultural borders and values. I find this approach to psychotherapy to be very beneficial and important in American psychology which historically has failed in many aspects to encompass other cultures and ideological approaches i n psychotherapies and treatments. Many similarities also exist between the ways that Taoism, Zen Buddhism, and the self-actualization theories of Rogers and Maslow. Both Maslow and Rogers described the self-actualizing person as one who has personal autonomy and who is free to make choices. The actions of the self-actualizing person are not determined solely by the physical and social environment, because a person has access to personal resources that are, in turn, growth promoting. According to Maslow (Maslow, 1968) ) the self-actualizing person does not avoid facing or acting on feelings or thoughts that are experienced. The self-actualized person of Maslow, Rogers, Zen Buddhism, and Lao Tzu feels a kinship with all human beings. These people care about others with a caring that is gentle and not moralistic. The humanistic approach of the third historical force in psychology reflects the self –actualization ideologies put forth in Buddhism and Taoism and suggested by Maslow and Rogers. Carl Rogers, created client-centered therapy, and designated unconditional positive regard (UPR) as one of the three conditions were necessary for positive change, along with empathy and genuineness (congruence). According to the Rogerss theory, mental illness is often caused by the absence of love or by a defective kind of love that the client received as a child. By showing the client unconditional positive regard and acceptance, the therapist is providing the best poss ible conditions for personal growth to the client. (Campbell, 1985) One regards ‘each aspect of the client’s experience as being part of that client . (Bozarth, 2001) While all four of the historical forces have contributed to the development of American psychology and psychological theories, I believe it is the cognitive behavorial and existentialistic ideologies such as the theories of Ellis’ (REBT) and Rogers’(UPR) that have had the greatest impact on psychotherapy and its multi-cultural applications . I can honestly say that my views and opinions have been changed by the knowledge I have gained from the History and Systems class also known as psychology 308. From a cultural perspective  I have always felt I belonged to two different worlds. I was born in Kentucky and raised in a very conservative , narrow-minded community. The predominant school of thought was very racist. My ethnic heritage is Scotch-Irish and I was taught as a child to have a dislike for those who were not like me. Imagine, if you will, the conflict I felt as a child who played with dolls, hated baseball, and had an attraction to members of my sex. Researchin g the different theoritical orientations in psychology has been an extremely enlightening experience. While I do not profess to be of any religious or spiritual mindset, I have developed an interest in the Buddhist approach of self-acceptance to life. I am almost 46 years old and I have made my share of mistakes along the way. Self acceptance has always been something I have struggled with. Dr. Ellis’ REBT and Buddhist psychological approaches have given me the tools to take a greater look at myself and to be okay with what I see. I intend to be an advocate for those people like myself who have felt cheated by the cultural values or norms put forth by American psychological culture. Times may be changing, but in my opinion not fast enough. As we move to a more culturally diverse nation I hope that the plight of gay, lesbian, and transgendered persons will be considered in the greater development of multi-cultural psychology. Brook, J. S., Whiteman, M. (2008). Onset of adolescent drinking: a longitudinal study of intrapersonal and interpersonal antecedents. Bibliography Bozarth, J. (2001). Unconditional Positive Regard (Rogers Therapeutic Conditions Evolution Theory Practice. Pccs Books. Campbell, P. A. (1985). Bio-spirituality: focusing as a way to grow. Loyola University Press. Ellis, A. (1994). Reason and Emotion in Psychotherapy . Birch Lane . Hanh, T. N. (1999). The Heart of the Buddhas Teaching:Transforming Suffering into Peace, Joy, and Liberation . Broadway Books. M.G.T. Kwee, K. G. (2006). Horizons in Buddhist Psychology: Practice, Research Theory,. Chagrin Falls : Taos Institute Publications. maslow, A. (1968). Toward a Psychology of Being. New York: Princeton. Tsering, G. T. ( 2006). Buddhist Psychology: The Foundation of Buddhist Thought.

The Rationale of Suicide in Bartleby Essay -- Bartleby Scrivener Essay

The Rationale of Suicide in Bartleby        Ã‚   One of the most strikingly confusing details of Herman Melville's "Bartleby" is the repetitive use of the specific form of his refusals; he "prefers" not to comply with his employer's demands. Bartleby never argues for his convictions, rather he refuses on the grounds of his preference. Such a vast repetition, along with its inherent perplexity, leads me to believe that the actual wording is symbolic in nature.         Ã‚  Ã‚  When someone is asked for his/her preferences, the question is directed to the individual's inner motives and desires. Any question addressed as a preference question, usually grants the consideration of the innermost inclinations. The lawyer never asked Bartleby whether he would like to comply or not, yet the latter keeps answering with the same term of preference; a choice of word that comes to show that Bartleby does not regard the demands laid upon him as intrinsically valid, he rather questions them in light of his inclinations and answers accordingly.      Ã‚  Ã‚   The lawyer, on the other hand, does view his demands as intrinsically valid. The lawyer represents society with all its requirements and demands. Society expects us to work for our living under the terms and conditions that it sets, but what if we choose not to? *   The lawyer does not make much of Bartleby's choice of words, he does not recognize the real problem; namely, Bartleby is neither interested, nor subjected to the rules of society      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bartleby's state is further clarified by the symbolic use of the walls and the dead letter office described in the epilogue. First, throughout the story he is depicted time and again as facing and staring at a wall. Staring at a wall can mean ... ...it.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚           Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As much as we all strive to "see the full half of the glass," for some people the half is either empty, or not full enough. While those of us that have an incentive for life cannot understand how it can elude anyone else (in the way the Lawyer could not understand Bartleby), each reason to get out of bed every morning is unique and personal. Apparently not everyone has a reason, and the mere loss of a reason is a short step away from the loss of life.  Ã‚  Ã‚         * The assumption made by the lawyer, and for that matter, by society, that its values and demands are intrinsically a priori valid, are a matter for another interesting research, yet it diverges too much from our point.    Work Cited: Melville, Herman. "Bartleby, the Scrivener: A Story of Wall-street." 1853. Bartleby.com. 30 Oct. 2000. http://www.bartleby.com/129/. The Rationale of Suicide in Bartleby Essay -- Bartleby Scrivener Essay The Rationale of Suicide in Bartleby        Ã‚   One of the most strikingly confusing details of Herman Melville's "Bartleby" is the repetitive use of the specific form of his refusals; he "prefers" not to comply with his employer's demands. Bartleby never argues for his convictions, rather he refuses on the grounds of his preference. Such a vast repetition, along with its inherent perplexity, leads me to believe that the actual wording is symbolic in nature.         Ã‚  Ã‚  When someone is asked for his/her preferences, the question is directed to the individual's inner motives and desires. Any question addressed as a preference question, usually grants the consideration of the innermost inclinations. The lawyer never asked Bartleby whether he would like to comply or not, yet the latter keeps answering with the same term of preference; a choice of word that comes to show that Bartleby does not regard the demands laid upon him as intrinsically valid, he rather questions them in light of his inclinations and answers accordingly.      Ã‚  Ã‚   The lawyer, on the other hand, does view his demands as intrinsically valid. The lawyer represents society with all its requirements and demands. Society expects us to work for our living under the terms and conditions that it sets, but what if we choose not to? *   The lawyer does not make much of Bartleby's choice of words, he does not recognize the real problem; namely, Bartleby is neither interested, nor subjected to the rules of society      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bartleby's state is further clarified by the symbolic use of the walls and the dead letter office described in the epilogue. First, throughout the story he is depicted time and again as facing and staring at a wall. Staring at a wall can mean ... ...it.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚           Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As much as we all strive to "see the full half of the glass," for some people the half is either empty, or not full enough. While those of us that have an incentive for life cannot understand how it can elude anyone else (in the way the Lawyer could not understand Bartleby), each reason to get out of bed every morning is unique and personal. Apparently not everyone has a reason, and the mere loss of a reason is a short step away from the loss of life.  Ã‚  Ã‚         * The assumption made by the lawyer, and for that matter, by society, that its values and demands are intrinsically a priori valid, are a matter for another interesting research, yet it diverges too much from our point.    Work Cited: Melville, Herman. "Bartleby, the Scrivener: A Story of Wall-street." 1853. Bartleby.com. 30 Oct. 2000. http://www.bartleby.com/129/.

In View of Traditional and Modern Ethics Essay

Introduction The study of philosophy has long been a part of our society. The field of ethics is one of the important branches of philosophy. Ethics deals about moral values our understanding of what is right or wrong, about life, about one’s rights and regarding the Divine being. What we are now is the product of the past. Ethics mold our personality. It is how we live our lives. Ethics guides us in seeking the answers to the many different queries we have in mind like why we exist, why we long for true happiness, and why can’t we avoid immoral acts. Traditional vs. Modern Ethics The focus of traditional ethics differs from the modern ethics in many ways. Traditional ethics goes back during the times of Plato, Aristotle, and Socrates in the ancient times. These ideas of traditional ethics have become the basis of succeeding ethics foundations. The ethics being promoted today has already existed before. The world has changed. People have also changed. Thus, ethics change to adapt to the changes in the world and the people’s perspective. Ethical and political philosophy awakening started as early as 5th century B.C. in Greece by the Sophist. They desired to discover the essence of moral virtues, the â€Å"form of good† which is the ultimate source of reality and value. There are a number of themes or doctrines that emerged. These are skepticism, relativism, subjectivism, egoism, and hedonism. Some ethical egoists suggested that one’s highest objective is to lead a pleasant life focusing on his or her pleasures. It gave birth to Epicureanism and Stoicism. During the medieval times the Christianization of ethics took place with the coming of St. Augustine, St. Hildegard, and St. Thomas Aquinas. Later on utilitarianism emerged and also philosophers like Thomas Hobbes, Immanuel Kant, and John Stuart Mill. Around 18th and 19th centuries moral philosophy focused on politics. People were also exposed to Liberalism, Marxism, Communism, and Anarchism. Recent moral and political philosophers introduce the concept of normative ethics, emotivist, invisible hand mechanism, conservatism, socialism, and democratic socialism to name a few. Philosophers include G.E. Moore, W.D. Ross, John Rowls and other important names. Conclusion Moral issues are important concern for all people not just for the philosophers. All the philosophers from the ancient to the modern times have contributed to our own system of beliefs regarding life and the many issues of human existence. Indeed traditional and modern ethics are related and supportive of each other. Ideas of the traditional ethics are the foundation of the modern ethics. Advocates of modern ethics customized or revised the concepts of the traditional ethics to fit today’s society. Both traditional and modern ethics have influenced the way people think and analyze life and their society. Reference Moore-Bruder, (2005). â€Å"Moral and Political Philosophy.† Philosophy: The Power of Ideas, Sixth Edition. The McGraw-Hill Companies

Apple Revenue Recogonition

Apple revenue recognition Apple Inc Revenue Recognition Concepts A. Revenue is gross amount a company received or billed from service provided or units sold, Revenue is earned regardless money come in or not at that particular time. It is assumed revenue is earned, when it is realizable, and earned. Revenues are derived from company normal operation. The company exist to sell it is core product or services to the market. Gain rise from non operation activities of the entity. An asset sells can be considered a gain if the company originally depreciated the assets to zero, then sell it.Even know the company used the assets to generate revenue, the assets transaction is a gain, because it is not a core business transaction. The primary function of a business is not to sell the assets for a gain. Any amount of gain from non operation of core business is considered to be a gain. Examples are currency gain, Short term investment gain, and extraordinary gain. B. When a business recognized r evenue, it means it has earned the revenue, and it is realizable in that period, which indicated a transaction, or service has occurred.The business did its obligation to bill or accepts money at that period. The business has full expectation it will receive the revenue in the near term depending the billing agreements. The income statement is affected by revenue recognition, also the balance sheet is affected, and all this individuals: Account receivable, Tax payable, COGS, Cash, Unearned revenue. The revenue criteria from FASB concept 5 says: revenue to be recognized on the income statement, revenue must be realized, or realizable and earned. CYes, they do align with FASB standards; Apple recognized revenue when persuasive evidence of transfer ownership arrangement exists. 1. Entity has transferred to the buyer the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the goods; 2. Entity retains neither continuing managerial involvement to the degree usually associated with ownership nor effective control over the goods sold 3. The amount of revenue can be measured reliably; 4. It is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the entity. DThe multiple element contract is referring to the embedded unspecified upgrade right that the company might be obligated to provide. It is difficult to put a monetary value, because the company has to estimate the cost of upgrade, and once they estimate the cost, the company must set deferred revenue by subtracting it from original sales. The new rules allowed the company to estimate as low as possible because the upgrade costs are not that significant to swing the income statement. E Compensation metric could be aligned with revenue growth. FITunes songs sold online on net basis, and recognized when transaction occurred Mac-branded accessories are recognized when billed, if it sold online apple waits until customers receive the items, because apple is liable until delivery. IPod sold to third party reseller in India is recognized when apple billed the third party. G Apple recognized the amount it billed it‘s customers, apple takes inventory risks, therefore it recognized the gross amount it billed, if it sold online from another company, apple only recognized net sales. H 50 Mac * 2800 = 140,000Unit price 2,500 Software + 2 years service =300 Apple will recognize the whole gross sale 140,000 as revenue for 2010. Because apple took the inventory risk, Apple will bill the community college the 140,000, and recognized the same amount as the revenue. I Account receivable |Dr. |Cr. | |Sep 26,2009 $3361 | | | |$2149 | |Sep, 25,2010 $5510 | | Deferred Revenue |Dr. Cr | |Sep,25,2009 $2906 | | | |$1217 | |Sep,26,2010 $4123 | | Net sale |Dr. |Cr. | |Sep, 26, 2009 $42,905 | | | |$22,320 | |Sep, 26,2010 $65,225 | | IJournal Entry Unearned revenue2053 Sale Revenue2053 Deferred Revenue |Dr. Cr | |Sep,25,2010 $2053 |Sep,26,2009 $2053 | | | | |Sep,26,2010 |0 | Sale Revenue |Dr. |Cr | |Sep,25,2010 |$2053 | | | | |Sep,26,2010 |$2053 II Journal entry Cash21,225 Account receivable 44,000 Sale Revenue65,225 Unearned Revenue |Dr. |Cr | |Sep,25,2010 $2903 |Sep,26,2009 $2903 | | | | |Sep,26,2010 |$0 | Sale Revenue |Dr. Cr | | |Sep,25,2010 $2903 | | | | | |$62,322 | |Sep,26,2010 | | | |$65,225 | III Journal Entry Cash44,000 Account Receivable44,000 Analysis JI under the old model revenue was deferred and recognized each year on straight line basis over its economic life of the product, but under the new model Apple is able to take significant portion of the sale at the time of transaction. IIProspective can only apply to future while retrospective can apply to the past transactions. Apple elected to use retrospective. K Iincreased its net income IIBalance sheet and Cash Flow statement (operation). IIImproved gross margin LMost of the cost good already occurred before apple was able to recognized revenue. Therefore, Apple must adjust individual account to match its expense, and revenue.MIncreased operation cash flow NAccounting rules, and procedures might be preventing unfair reporting, but it has a major flaws. One of the flows is accounting doesn’t adapt quickly to economic condition. Accounting numbers doesn’t really reflect the true value of a company. Account is lagging indicator. One industry can benefits from particular accounting procedure, and rules, but it can also hurt another industry by not reflecting true economic value. We will like to report to our shareholders actual reflection of our operation, but accounting procedures doesn’t allow us to communicate the actual result.

Free Essays on DNA Fingerprint

DNA Fingerprint Like the fingerprints identification that came in to use by detectives a police labs during the 1930s each person has a unique DNA fingerprint. Unlike a conventional fingerprint that occurs only on the on the finger tips and can be altered by surgery, a DNA fingerprint is the same for every cell, tissue and organ of a person, and it can not be alters by any known treatment, therefore the DNA Fingerprint is rapidly becoming the primary method for Identifying and distinguishing among individual human beings. The Structure of DNA The characteristics of all living organisms, including humans, are essentially determined by information contained within DNA that they inherit from their parents. The Molecular structure of DNA can be imagined as a zipper with each tooth represented by one of four letters (A, C, G or T) and with opposite teeth forming one of two pairs, either A-T or G-C. The letter A, C, G and T stands for adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine, the basic building blocks of DNA. The information contained on the DNA is determined primarily by the sequence of letters along the zipper. Living organism that looks different or have different characteristics also have different DNA sequences. The more varied the organisms, the more varied the DNA sequences. DNA fingerprinting is very quick way to compare the DNA sequences of any two living organisms. The usage of DNA finger printing is most common in health care research and in the justice system. The FBI and police labs around the United States have begun to use DNA fingerprints to link suspects to biological evidence-blood or semen stains, hair or items of clothing- found at the scene of a crime, and since 1987 hundreds of cases have been decided with the assistance of DNA fingerprint evidence. Another Important use of DNA fingerprints in the court system is to establish paternity in custody and child support litigation. In these applications, DNA finge... Free Essays on DNA Fingerprint Free Essays on DNA Fingerprint DNA Fingerprint Like the fingerprints identification that came in to use by detectives a police labs during the 1930s each person has a unique DNA fingerprint. Unlike a conventional fingerprint that occurs only on the on the finger tips and can be altered by surgery, a DNA fingerprint is the same for every cell, tissue and organ of a person, and it can not be alters by any known treatment, therefore the DNA Fingerprint is rapidly becoming the primary method for Identifying and distinguishing among individual human beings. The Structure of DNA The characteristics of all living organisms, including humans, are essentially determined by information contained within DNA that they inherit from their parents. The Molecular structure of DNA can be imagined as a zipper with each tooth represented by one of four letters (A, C, G or T) and with opposite teeth forming one of two pairs, either A-T or G-C. The letter A, C, G and T stands for adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine, the basic building blocks of DNA. The information contained on the DNA is determined primarily by the sequence of letters along the zipper. Living organism that looks different or have different characteristics also have different DNA sequences. The more varied the organisms, the more varied the DNA sequences. DNA fingerprinting is very quick way to compare the DNA sequences of any two living organisms. The usage of DNA finger printing is most common in health care research and in the justice system. The FBI and police labs around the United States have begun to use DNA fingerprints to link suspects to biological evidence-blood or semen stains, hair or items of clothing- found at the scene of a crime, and since 1987 hundreds of cases have been decided with the assistance of DNA fingerprint evidence. Another Important use of DNA fingerprints in the court system is to establish paternity in custody and child support litigation. In these applications, DNA finge...

iOS Development in C# with Xamarin and Visual Studio

iOS Development in C# with Xamarin and Visual Studio In the past, you may have considered Objective-C and iPhone development but the combination of a new architecture and a new programming language together may have been too much. Now with Xamarin Studio, and programming it in C#, you may find the architecture not that bad. You may end up coming back to Objective-C though Xamarin makes feasible any type of iOs programming including games. This is the first of a set of tutorials on programming iOS Apps (ie both iPhone and iPad) and eventually Android Apps in C# using Xamarin Studio. So what is Xamarin Studio? Previously known as MonoTouch Ios and MonoDroid (for Android), the Mac software is Xamarin Studio. This is an IDE that runs on Mac OS X and its pretty good. If youve used MonoDevelop, then youll be on familiar ground. Its not quite as good as Visual Studio in my opinion but thats a matter of taste and cost. Xamarin Studio is great for developing iOS Apps in C# and likely Android, though that depends on your experiences creating those. Xamarin Versions Xamarin Studio comes in four versions: Theres the free one that can create Apps for the App store but those are limited to 32Kb in size which is not a lot! The other three cost starting with the Indie version for $299. On that, you develop on the Mac and can produce Apps of any size. Next is the Business version at $999 and thats the one used for these examples. As well as Xamarin Studio on the Mac it integrates with Visual Studio so you can develop iOS/Android apps as if writing .NET C#. The clever trick is that it uses your Mac to build and debug the App using the iPhone/iPad simulator while you step through code in Visual Studio. The big version is the Enterprise edition but that wont be covered here. In all four cases you need to own a Mac and to deploy Apps in the App store needs you to pay Apple $99 each year. You can manage to offset paying that until you need it, just develop against the iPhone simulator that comes with Xcode. You have to install Xcode but its in the Mac Store and its free. The Business edition does not have a big difference, just that it is on Windows instead of the Mac with free and Indie editions, and it uses the full power of Visual Studio (and Resharper). Part of that comes down to whether you prefer to develop Nibbed or Nibless? Nibbed or Nibless Xamarin integrates into Visual Studio as a plugin that gives new menu options. But it doesnt yet come with a designer like the Xcodes Interface Builder. If you are creating all your views ( the iOS word for controls) at runtime then you can run nibless. A nib (extension .xib) is an XML file that defines the controls etc in views and links events together so when you click on a control, it invokes a method. Xamarin Studio also requires you to use Interface Builder to create nibs but at the time of writing, they have a Visual designer running on the Mac in alpha state. It will likely become available on the PC as well. Xamarin Covers the Whole iOS API The whole iOS API is pretty massive. Apple currently has 1705 documents in the iOS developer library covering all aspects of iOS development. Since they were last reviewed, the quality has improved a lot. Likewise, the iOS API from Xamarin is pretty comprehensive, though you will find yourself referring back to the Apple docs.​ Getting Started After installing Xamarin software on your Mac, create a new Solution. The project choices include iPad, iPhone, and Universal and also with Storyboards. For iPhone, you then have the choice of an Empty Project, Utility Application, Master-Detail Application, Single View application, Tabbed Application or OpenGl Application. You have similar choices for Mac and Android development. Given the lack of designer on Visual Studio, you can take the nibless (Empty Project) route. Its not that difficult but nowhere as easy to get the design looking spot on. In this case, as you are mainly dealing with square buttons, its not a worry. Architecting iOS Forms You are entering into a world described by Views and ViewControllers and these are most important concepts to understand. A ViewController (of which there are several types) controls how data is displayed and manages view and resource management tasks. The actual displaying is done by a View (well a UIView descendant). The User Interface is defined by ViewControllers working together. Well see that in action in tutorial two with a simple nibless App like this one. In the next tutorial, well look in depths at ViewControllers and develop the first complete App.

Benefit Plan Design Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Benefit Plan Design Analysis - Research Paper Example American Airlines Incorporation believes in arranging its corporate responsibility in the form of responding comprehensively towards its concerns and interests of its stakeholders. The organization seeks for gathering loyalty factor from its customers by constantly realizing and fulfilling their expectations. The benefit programs of American Airlines Incorporation at present are inclusive of primarily traveling privileges, support of ‘work-life’ plans, benefits of health and life, policies of savings and retirement and various programs for training and development of its employees. The traveling privileges provide the benefit to its employees to travel to any place in the world at discounting rates, provided the employees travel by either American Eagle or American. The support programs of the work life in the organization are inclusive of different types of resources for the purpose of accomplishing various needs, both personal as well as professional. The benefit progr ams related to health and life of the employees are inclusive of aiding incompetency of the employees with respect to vision, physical disability and dental among others.

NETWORK SECURITY I Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

NETWORK SECURITY I - Research Paper Example With networking in place, real time communication has been made possible through emails, VOIP, teleconferencing, online chats among other channels. However, these networks are vulnerable to numerous security threats, which have the capacity to cause extensive damage and losses for the users (Andress, 2011). This paper is a critical evaluation of network security threats and their solutions. Network Security Threats A network is an interconnection of two or more computers for the purpose of sharing resources, such as hardware and software (Wetherall, 2010). There are various types of networks which include, but not limited to, local area networks (LAN), wide area networks (WAN) and metropolitan area networks (MAN). Local area networks are commonly found in institutions and offices, whereby sharing of resources is internal, for example, between departments or various workstations in an office. Wide area networks facilitate sharing of information on a wide geographical location, whereby numerous LANs around the world are interconnected for this purpose. The internet and the World Wide Web are examples of LAN as they can be accessed by users from every corner of the globe as long as they are connected to an internet service provider (ISP). MAN, on the other hand, exists in a smaller geographical location than WAN but larger than that of LAN (Wetherall, 2010). These networks have facilitated criminals with an avenue to make money through illegal activities especially due to the fact that millions of people around the world utilize one or all of the above mentioned networks on daily basis. Loads of data and sensitive information are exchanged over these networks on hourly basis and due to this; criminals have taken advantage through their technical skills to conduct cyber attacks, either for economic benefits or for malicious purposes (Zalewski, 2011). The internet, for example, has facilitated users with an avenue to conduct businesses and transactions through onlin e shopping. Online shopping is a mode of doing business whereby manufacturers and retailers design interactive websites, in which they display their products and details. Interested shoppers are only required to visit the websites from the comfort of their personal computers, from which they can evaluate and compare prices of commodities offered by different companies. Processes, such as cataloguing and placing orders are made through the same media thus making it easy and cheap for marketers and consumers to fulfill their desires without necessarily having to travel to the physical business location. This has also facilitated globalization as digitizing the world in this manner brings the world citizens closer thus forming a global village (Schneider, 2011). However, online shopping has been noted as being one of the major targets and facilitators of cyber crime. Rogue programmers have continued to develop phishing sites, which they utilize to steal users’ personal informati on for the purposes of committing fraud. Phishing sites are websites, which impersonate genuine websites such that it becomes difficult for users to differentiate between the genuine and the rogue websites. These websites usually request users to input their personal details, such as credit card numbers, emails, names, bank details among other sensitive

The Role of PsychiatricNurse Practitioner Essay

The Role of PsychiatricNurse Practitioner - Essay Example However, after liberalization of advanced nurses, some of the researches have revealed that this carder of nurses are being underutilized especially within the realism of mental health. The area that they cover is wide since they are based in the communities where the mental disease burden is notable. The following are the prescribed area of services that the nurses they offer in the community. The role ranges across from admission to discharge and comprehensive pharmacotherapy that is involved. On admission, the advanced practice psychiatric mental health nurse, evaluates the patient’s status. This helps the nurse to know whether the patient is for the admission or discharge on evaluation. The other role is taking overnight calls and coverage when there is shortage of psychiatrist. More importantly, it’s the ability of this nurses to perfume extensive diagnostic skills and come up with psychiatric and mental disorders with precision of psychiatrists that are perfect. Such competencies are developed during their preparation and education which they undertake role plays in order to have a clear understanding of their environment from all angles (Hubbard, 2014). More so, they carry out interventions and implementation of the treatment plans for a caseload patients that are under isolations. Such interventions includes psychopharmacology, individual family or gr oup psychotherapy. They have the ability of covering on emergence psychiatric patient. Muxworthy and Bowllan (2007), the realization of knowledge that nurses with advanced credential are needed is paramount since the medical field is overarched by the physicians who are less than the disease. Nursing profession is slowly being revolutionized and the dominance is slowly being suppressed by the increased disease burden and the capacity of nurses to perform at advanced levels. The disease burden of the mentally patients is rising due to a number of factors such as substance abuse,

Assessment Of The Validity Of Legal Realism Philosophy Essay

Assessment Of The Validity Of Legal Realism Philosophy Essay The turn of the 20th century instigated the rejection of the formalism movement of John Austin, Jeremy Bentham, John Mill and David Hume. Realists sought to put in its place a more sociological account of the law in action.  [2]  The three leading members of the American realist movement were Oliver Wendell Holmes Jnr,  [3]  Jerome Frank  [4]  and Karl N. Llewellyn.  [5]  67 Principles Realists were preoccupied with empirical questions such as attempting to identify the sociological and psychological factors influencing judicial decision making.  [8]  One could argue that their implicit conceptual loyalties were positivist in theory, as they did not reject the notion that courts may be constrained by rules. However, realists did argue that the Courts exercise discretion much more often than is generally supposed.  [9]  Further they denied the naturalist and positivist views that Judges were influenced mainly by legal rules, they (realists) attach greater significance to political and moral intuitions about the facts of a case.  [10]   II American Realists A. Oliver Wendell Holmes Jnr Oliver Wendell Holmes Jnr (Holmes) could be called the intellectual and spiritual father of American Realism, and played a fundamental part in bringing about a changed attitude to law.  [11]  Holmes attempted to formulate a theory of law that was both responsive and stable for the changing nature of modern life.  [12]  13He commenced with the fundamental question of liability: What duty do human beings owe to one another?  [14]   Formalist legal doctrine held that there could be no liability without fault, that people should not be held responsible for acts that they did not cause or over which they had no control.  [15]  16Holmes considered an alternative to this intent standard that If the act was voluntary, it is totally immaterial that the detriment which followed from it was neither intended nor due to the negligence of the actor (ie. strict liability).  [17]  Holmes argued that the proper object of the law was to publicize social duties by giving individuals a fair chance to avoid harm before being responsible for it it was not to instil individual morality through punishment.  [18]   Holmes believed in defining the law by reference to what the Court actually said it was, to consider what the law is, not what it ought to be.  [19]  He famously declared The common law is not a brooding omnipresence in the sky, but the articulate voice of some sovereign or quasi sovereign that can be identified.  [20]   Further, Holmes introduced the bad man. As a moral skeptic, Holmes stated if you want to know the law and nothing else, you must look at it as a bad man, who cares only for the material consequences which such knowledge enables him to predict.  [21]  Holmes defined the law in accordance with his pragmatic judicial philosophy. He believed that legal developments could be scientifically justified: the true science of law consisted in the establishment of its postulates from within upon accurately measured social desires instead of tradition.  [22]   B. Jerome Frank Jerome Frank (Frank) has been described as the most radical of the American realists.  [23]  Frank believed that there are two groups of realists, rule skeptics who regard legal uncertainty as residing principally in the paper rules of law and who seek to discover uniformities in actual judicial behaviour, and fact skeptics, who think that the unpredictability of court decisions resides primarily in the elusiveness of facts.  [24]  The former, Frank proposes, makes the mistake of concentrating on appellate courts, whereas it is to the actions of trial courts that attention should be most directed.  [25]   Frank believed that for most realists, in their preoccupation with appellate courts, missed the important aspect of unpredictability in the judicial process: the elusiveness of facts.  [26]  Thus, the various prejudices of judges and jurors  [27]  often crucially affect the outcome of a case.  [28]   Further, the main impetus of Franks attack was directed against the notion that certainty could be achieved through legal rules.  [29]  Frank believed this to be absurd.  [30]  Frank stressed that the text-book approach, which treats the law as no more than a collection of abstract rules, is grossly misleading and that much of legal uncertainty is inherent and not due to deliberate mystification.  [31]  We want the law to be certain, Frank stated, because of our deep need for security and safety which is endemic to children.  [32]  As a child places his/her trust in the wisdom of his/her father, so we seek in the law and other institutions a similarly comforting security.  [33]   C. Karl N. Llewellyn Karl Lleyellyns (Llewellyn) most noteworthy contribution to realism is his functionalism, which perceives law as serving certain fundamental functions.  [34]  35For Llewellyn, an institution is an organised activity which is built around doing a job or a cluster of jobs. A major institutions job cluster is fundamental to the continuance of the society or group in which it operates.  [36]  If society is to survive, certain basic needs must be satisfied, which engenders conflict which must be resolved.  [37]   Much of Llewellyns interest has been focussed on what Llewellyn calls the ways in which in various types of community the law jobs are actually carried out.  [38]  Law Jobs are the basic functions of the law, which, for Llewellyn, are two-fold: to make group survival possible, but additionally, to quest for justice, efficiency and a richer life.  [39]   Law jobs are identified as being the: disposition of troubled cases; preventive channelling and the reorientation of conduct and expectations so as to avoid trouble; allocation of authority and the arrangement of procedures which legitimatize action as being authoritative; net organisation of the group or society as a whole so as to provide direction and incentive.  [40]   Llewellyn sees these law jobs as universal  [41]  and regards the most important job the law has is the disposition of troubled cases.  [42]  He puts forward his theory of them as a general framework for the functional analysis of law.  [43]  The first three law jobs describe bare bones law, but out of them may emerge, although Llewellyn gives no indication how, the additional questing phase of the legal order.  [44]   Further, in addition to major institutions, there are also minor institutions such as crafts which consist of the skills held by a body of specialists,  [45]  handed down from generation to generation by a process of education and practical example.  [46]  The practice of law is the practice of a set of crafts, and of these one of the most important is what is called the juristic method.  [47]   In the common law, says Llewellyn, the practice of the courts has fluctuated between two types of style which he names the Grand Style and the Formal Style. The Grand Style is based on an appeal to reason and does not involve a following of precedent; regard is paid to the reputation of the Judge deciding the earlier case, and principle is consulted in order to ensure that precedent is not a mere verbal tool, but a generalisation which yields patent sense as well as order.  [48]  Policy, comes in for explicit examination and the Grand Style is also categorised by resort to what Llewellyn calls situation sense.  [49]  The Formal Style is not so concerned with social facts.  [50]  Its underlying notion is that the rules of law decide the cases and policy is for the legislature not for the Courts.  [51]  This approach is authoritarian, formal and logical.  [52]   In the early nineteenth century, the Grand Style was employed, although, from the middle of the nineteenth century Llewellyn detected a shift towards the Formal Style.  [53]  However, by the middle of the twentieth century evidence shows a shift back to the Grand Style, a development which Llewellyn applauded by remarking as the best device ever invented by man for drying up that free-flowing spring of uncertainty, conflict between the seeming commands of the authorities and the felt demands of justice.  [54]   III Critics of Legal Realism Critics have branded legal realists as anti-democratic and totalitarian.  [55]  56Their core claim being, according to author Brian Leiter, that judges respond primarily to the stimulus of facts decisions are reached on the basis of a judicial consideration of what seems fair on the facts of the case, rather than on the basis of the applicable legal rule.  [57]   Further, Frank has been characterized as the prime representative of the radical tendency in American legal realism the realist who turned his back on legal rules and declared them to be well nigh valueless.  [58]  This characterization became official, as it were, with the publication of Professor Harts  [59]  (Hart) The Concept of Law in 1961.  [60]   In distinguishing formalism and realist rule-scepticism, Hart criticizes the rule-sceptics for focussing only on the function of rules in judicial decisions and ignoring those secondary rules which confer judicial and legislative power.  [61]  Hart found Franks work to be illustrative of the sceptical tradition in American legal realism,  [62]  although Frank himself distinguished scepticism as to rules and scepticism as to facts, declaring himself to be a fact-sceptic.  [63]   Llewellyns work has also attracted criticism from a number of standpoints.  [64]  From insisting on the universality of his law jobs, Alan Hunt argues that he  [65]  stumbles into a major theoretical deficiency of functionalism of imposing on disparate phenomena, from different societies and different historical periods, an a priori unity.  [66]  Further, William Twining (Twining) concedes that the Grand Style/Formal Style dichotomy has its drawbacks for it may be dangerous and misleading to pidgeon-hole judges or courts into styles as it is to lump jurists into schools.  [67]  68 IV Support for Legal Realism Holmes was concerned with promoting a new and more experimental and constructive attitude to social life and thought, but avoided making any specific proposals as a programme to be realised.  [69]  Author, John Dewey praised Holmes on this very ground, because he had no social panaceas to dole out, no fixed social programme, no code of fixed ends to be realised.  [70]   However, in Twinings view the main achievement of the realist movement was to concretise sociological jurisprudenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.  [71]  The relationship between the realist movement and sociological jurisprudence is a strong one.  [72]  Its connections with psychology, anthropology, economics and sociology are clear.  [73]   Further, author Brian Leiter (Leiter) sought to remedy many of the myths and misconceptions surrounding American realism.  [74]  Leiter challenges the view that realism is a  [75]  jurisprudential joke, a tissue of philosophical confusion.  [76]  Leiter maintains that it is time for legal philosophers to stop treating realism as a discredited historical antique, and start looking at the movement with the sympathetic eye it deserves.  [77]   Leiter believes that Harts sweeping dismissal of rule scepticism as the claim that talk of rules is a myth, cloaking the truth that law consists simply of the decisions of courts and predictions of them,  [78]  is an unfair misrepresentation of its members contributions to legal theory.  [79]  Thus, by demonstrating the limitations of a doctrinal account of law without a proper empirical investigation of the manner in which legal doctrine functions in society, the American realists unquestionably paved the way to the sociological approach to the law.  [80]   V Assessment of the validity of Legal Realism American Legal Realism in most of its manifestation, albeit that it was sceptical, can be described as fairly mainstream, it was not radical or subversive, it simply asked one to examine the law a practical phenomenon, rather than as an idealised natural law or legal positivist edifice. It is an antidote to the declaratory theory of law that asserts that law is determinate and certain and based on legal principles and the doctrine of precedent. Although, one may regard realism as shallow today, to assess the validity of legal realism, one must judge the pragmatic movement by its fruits, such as the impact it has had on legal education, the judicial process, legal anthropology, legal history, and legal sociology. In many respects sociological jurisprudence is an outgrowth of legal realism. Sociological jurisprudence developed from the same impulse to study the way the law works in an empirical or scientific experimental method. Further, realism indirectly engendered two movements Jurimetrics  [81]  and Behavouralism. These movements have taken over from where legal realism left off, for whilst the realists had some inspired ideas, developed a number of theoretical models, and urged us to exploit the social and technological science, these newer movements are firmly established within the mainstream of the social sciences and use techniques associated with them freely and to valuable effect.  [82]  

Washington Irvings Rip Van Winkle Shapes American Culture Essay

Washington Irving's Rip Van Winkle Shapes American Culture "Darkness...lowers upon my mind, and the times are so hard they sicken my soul," says Washington Irving in a letter to a friend (Letters 446). This statement reveals Irving's intense emotional condition, and in many ways indicates the intense social atmosphere as well as his personal conflicts, during the composition of The Sketch Book. Upon the bankruptcy of his family's fortune, of which he depended on solely for his monetary security, Irving found himself flung into the "galling mortifications of independence" (Letters 487). In response to this trauma, he sailed to England to regain his composure and hopefully secure his stake as a writer so he could provide for himself that which would keep him from "being cast homeless and pennyless on the world" (Letters 486). Within statements like these, Irving's countenance is quite apparent. Additionally, it helps to reveal the social atmosphere of the time, as well as increase one's knowledge of "Rip Van Winkle" as it is represent ed in The Sketch Book. And this representation holds great significance to Washington Irving's development as a person, and to American culture's struggle to define itself in a unique (non-British) way. Around 1817 Irving left the United States drained of inspiration, and slid into depression. He wrote of himself to a friend several years later, "I felt cast down,abased,I had lost my cast,I had always been proud of Spirit, and in my country had been, as it were a being of the air,I felt the force of the text 'a wounded spirit who can bear?' " (Letters 743). However, the idea of The Sketch Book which came before he left relieved him to some extent. In many ways, though, hi... ...sponsibilities are. And more particularly what is America's responsibility in trying to create a nation that is unique and separate from its parentage. This is the issue that defines the importance of "Rip Van Winkle," and more particularly The Sketch Book, in the social development of our country. It seems that the particular social and political climate found its summation in our country's search for literary independence. Holistically it was Washington Irving's life, his struggles, his talents, and his perfectly-timed existence in the flow of history that helped to shape and solidify our country's identity, and immortalize him as an author. Works Cited Rubin-Dorsky, Jeffrey. "Irving's Sketches of Anxiety." American Literature. Dec 1986: 507-509, 517-519. Williams, Stanley T. The Life of Washington Irving. 2 vols. London: Oxford, 1935.

Behavioral Misuse Of Antibiotics Health And Social Care Essay

Background: self medicine with antibiotics is devouring drugs to handle self diagnosed infection without confer withing doctors which is broad spread abuse of antibiotics in developing states. Purpose: this survey purpose to measure the prevalence of behavioural abuse of antibiotics by self medicine among wellness professional pupils in J.U.S.T, and to measure the association between ego aa‚ ¬ † medicine and doing factors. Design: across-sectional design will utilize. Method: random sample of 400 pupils in J.U.S.T university, selected from 4th twelvemonth degree in modules of ( medical specialty, dental medicine, pharmaceutics, and nursing ) , validated questionnaire will used to roll up informations, pilot survey sample ( 40 pupils ) , informations analysis through statistical bundle of societal scientific discipline ( SPSS ) . Decision: the determination will supply of import informations about prevalence of abuse of medicine among the four groups ( medical specialty, dental medicine, pharmaceutics, nurse ) , which will be of import in understanding the wellness load of the development of antibacterial opposition.IntroductionA important addition in the mortality and morbidity rate of antecedently treatable infections disease due to the outgrowth of opposition among infective and common bacterium. This turning opposition to antibiotics represents a planetary menace to human sort. The major job of antibiotics self medicine is the outgrowth of opposition which means the effectivity of antibiotics will worsen and therefore infections turned to be more hard and really expensive to handle and epidemics become harder to command ( WHO report, 2005 ) ( reka bisht, 2009 ) . Further, other serious side consequence may develop like harm to some critical organ like kidney and liver, and devastation of normal vegetations in the organic structure. The purpose of this survey is to look into the prevalence of behavioural abuse of antibiotics by self medicine without prescription and its part to antibacterial opposition among wellness professional pupils at J.U.S.T University, and compare the consequence with similar surveies. In Jordan, no much behavioral based survey was conducted. One of these survey conducted by Al-Bakri et Al ( 2005 ) to measure beginnings, form and rightness of antibacterial drugs ingestion within the Jordanian population? ? ? ? ? All other surveies carried in Jordan were based on community, wellness establishment, or infirmary sceneLiterature reappraisalThe old surveies defined self medicine as consuming of drugs without reding from their doctors or use of any medicine for ego intervention without audience of wellness attention professions ( sharrif, 2011 ) . In measuring the behaviour of ego antibiotics medicine and the factors influencing, other survey in Jordan concludes that inappropriate ego medicine antibiotics appears to be common among Jordanian, meaning the demand for carefully designed antibiotics educational runs to stress the utilizations and restriction of these medicine, and to do general public consciousness to the negative consequence, this run should be include all Jordanian ( Sawair, Baqain, Abu Karaky, & A ; Abu Eid, 2009 ) .. Self medicine is a common job worldwide, antibiotic opposition is quickly increasing job and the underdeveloped states like, Iran, Sudan, Jordan, Pakistan are sing ma ny facet of in appropriate usage of medicines in their wellness attention installations ( Sawalha, 2008 ) .Study designA cross-sectional survey will be conducted to look into the magnitude of antibiotic abuse and to measure the most likely causation factors act uponing this behaviour among wellness professional pupils in ( medical specialty, dental medicine, pharmaceutics, and nursing ) . This descriptive exploratory survey will be performed utilizing a self-administered questionnaire.Population and sampleA convenient random choice of 400 pupils will be performed to transport out the survey. The sample choice will be will be from all pupils in 4th specializer to be chosen every other pupil. This indiscriminately selected sample is considered homogeneous with regard to their age ( 4th twelvemonth degree pupils ) , educational degree, and wellness professions. Data will be collected from the pupils during their presence in their regular categories at the beginning of the 2nd semester in 2013. A entire figure of 400 questionnaires will be distributed on pupils in 4th specializer.PutingThe survey will be conducted in an academic based puting on 4th twelvemonth degree pupils of the 4th wellness co-workers ( medical specialty, dental medicine, pharmaceutics, and nursing ) at Jordan university of scientific discipline and engineering.Data aggregationA pre-designed structured questionnaire in Arabic linguistic communication will be used to roll up the information on ego medicine with antibiotic from the survey population. The questionnaire will be pre-tested on a little pilot population ( 40 pupils ) , from every specializer to find the diction and format of the questionnaire, completeness of response, the clip needed to finish the signifier. After that the questionnaire will be modified consequently. University administrative blessing will be obtained ( IRB ) to ease the distribution of the questionnaire. At the beginning of the questionnaire, the intent of the surve y will be explained and so the pupils will be asked to reply all inquiries. Consequently, demographic informations such as name, age, gender, reference, and forte co-worker will be followed. The questionnaire will dwell of structured unfastened and closed terminal inquiries and multiple response inquiries, the informations will be classified into point, which in bend will be given codifications used for intent of computing machine informations entry. The questionnaire will distributed to pupils at the terminal of their talk after informing and obtaining consent of the teaching staff and so collected after completion clip ( the clip will find related to fly survey ) . The response rate will be 100 % .Statistical analysisData will be analyzed by utilizing SPSS, descriptive analysis will be conducted. Prevalence of self-medication with antibiotics will be reported as per centum. Categorical information will be presented as frequence of happening and will be analyzed by chi-square trial . Continuous informations will be presented as mean and standard divergence and will be analyzed by pupil t-test. The P value of less than 0.05 was considered important at the 0.05 degree.RestrictionFirst, our topic will be drawn from health-professional pupils instead than other specializer. Second, the age distribution of the sample population will be different from the age distribution from general distribution of Jordan. Further surveies are needed to affect wider scope of ages to find the magnitude of self-medication abuse of antibiotics in the general population. Third, this is a retrospective survey, some prejudice might go on when the pupil have to retrieve how many times, continuance of intervention, besides should retrieve the name of antibiotics have been taken in old 12 months. Fourth, the questionnaire will be administered to pupils during their presence in their regular category. So, pupils may impact each other ‘s replies to inquiry, in malice of research worker ‘s instructions. What are anticipating to happen out is: Antibiotics self medicine without prescription is extremely prevalence among wellness professional pupils. Uncontrolled purchase of antibiotics from pharmaceuticss ( over the counter ) without prescription, and handiness of antibiotics at place ( remnant ) are the most common beginning of self medicine. Upper respiratory piece of land infection is the major wellness jobs reported to be treated by antibiotics self-medication. The fiscal factors play a function in choosing the type and the sum of antibiotics by self medicine individual.